Reference:
Crossley, M. (2021). Explainer: what is RNA? The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-rna-151691
Summary:
RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a crucial molecule in the biological world, serving multiple roles beyond that of genetic material. While DNA is stable and well-known, RNA is less stable due to an extra oxygen atom, allowing it to function as a messenger that conveys information from DNA to proteins. This instability enables organisms, particularly viruses like HIV and influenza, to evolve rapidly. RNA also plays a vital role in translation, where it is involved in the synthesis of proteins through ribozymes and transfer RNAs. Historically, it is theorised that early life forms relied on RNA for both genetic encoding and catalytic functions. Recent discoveries have unveiled small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that can inhibit gene expression, suggesting a potential for therapeutic applications. As research continues, the significance of long non-coding RNAs is being explored, indicating that RNA remains central to gene regulation and fundamental biological processes.